Reducing Delays in Neurosurgery:
Insights from Salford Royal NHS Hospital

0%
reduction in neurosurgical turnover times
£0/case
£0/case
potential saving from 10-minute TOT reduction
0hrs/yr
identified lost due to equipment-related delays
Background

Across healthcare systems, operating time is among the most valuable—and most limited—resources a hospital manages. Nowhere is this more acute than in neurosurgery, where complex procedures and a heavy reliance on specialized equipment mean that even small delays escalate fast, disrupting schedules, frustrating staff, and driving up costs.

At Salford Royal, part of the Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust (NCA) and one of the UK’s leading neurosurgical units, a major initiative was launched to improve surgical team efficiency and reduce operating room (or operating theatre) delays. The collaboration centered on practical, team-led improvements to daily preparation and workflows, leveraging Incision Assist to organize and share detailed surgical workflows and surgeon preferences across teams. Here we describe some of the early insights of the collaboration and trial.

“As one of the biggest and most specialized neurosurgical centers in the UK, reducing delays is a major priority for us. With over 20 consultant neurosurgeons, each with their own specific way of working, every case adds a layer of complexity for the team. How we prepare for each procedure is key to both successful outcomes and day-to-day efficiency—and that’s exactly what we recognized in Incision and the Assist platform.”

- Lee Bennett, Associate Director Perioperative Care, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation
Trust

Understanding Workfloor Challenges

Salford Royal is a large university teaching hospital in Northwest England operated by the Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, home to one of the largest and most advanced neurosurgery departments in the UK. With 23 consultant neurosurgeons and sub-specialty expertise across vascular, spinal, skull base, pituitary, oncology and functional neurosurgery, the department serves as a key tertiary referral center for the North West and beyond.

Rather than taking a top-down approach, the partnership focused on driving day-to-day improvements that collectively shape how Salford’s neurosurgical lists run—supporting teams to build on existing structures and workflows. The high volume of surgeons performing a wide range of complex procedures creates a fast-paced environment with frequent opportunities for delay. Each case demands precise, surgeon-specific preparation. Teams must coordinate a vast array of instruments, devices, and setups—often involving intraoperative navigation and radiological support.

With varying experience levels across staff, quick access to accurate, usable information is essential for maintaining high-quality care. For new or temporary staff in particular, being able to quickly locate critical details helps them integrate into the team and adapt to surgeon-specific workflows. From a management standpoint, reducing surgical delays had long been a strategic priority. Initiatives such as the ‘golden patient’ approach and efforts to reduce cancellations and bed blocking had already laid strong foundations. Still, the ongoing challenge of balancing operational efficiency with uninterrupted, high-quality care led leadership to look more closely at daily workflows—recognizing the surgical team as a central driver of sustainable improvement.

Uncovering Drivers of Delay

To better understand the scale and root causes of delays, Incision conducted a comprehensive 12-month analysis using process mapping and operational data extracted from the hospital’s electronic health record (EHR) system. A total of 861 delays recorded for neurosurgical procedures in 2024 were identified, categorized, and reviewed, reflecting a complex mix of operational, clinical, and staffing-related challenges.

As seen in many retrospective EHR-based reviews, the largest single category was “Unknown,” reflecting incomplete or missing documentation [1]. Among identified causes, patient-related delays accounted for 17.7% of total delay time, with staffing (13.1%) and surgeon-related factors (12.6%) representing complex realities such as rota gaps, understaffing, and conflicting clinical priorities.

The most significant process-driven contributor was equipment-related delays, accounting for 14.4% of total delay times. These included issues such as instruments not being ready at the start of a case, equipment failures, and access to shared resources, including microscopes. Notably, equipment-related delays were among the longest delay type—with an average duration of 54 minutes.

In total, equipment-related delays amounted to 94 hours and 7 minutes of lost theatre time over the 12-month period, equivalent to nearly 12 full working days (based on 8-hour shifts). Applying the UK reference cost of £1,200 per theatre hour, this translates to £112,940 in annual opportunity cost. This is likely a very conservative estimate, as it’s based on 2019 NHS benchmarks [2].

As seen in many retrospective EHR-based reviews, the largest single category was “Unknown,” reflecting incomplete or missing documentation [1]. Among identified causes, patient-related delays accounted for 17.7% of total delay time, with staffing (13.1%) and surgeon-related factors (12.6%) representing complex realities such as rota gaps, understaffing, and conflicting clinical priorities.

The most significant process-driven contributor was equipment-related delays, accounting for 14.4% of total delay times. These included issues such as instruments not being ready at the start of a case, equipment failures, and access to shared resources, including microscopes. Notably, equipment-related delays were among the longest delay type—with an average duration of 54 minutes.

In total, equipment-related delays amounted to 94 hours and 7 minutes of lost theatre time over the 12-month period, equivalent to nearly 12 full working days (based on 8-hour shifts). Applying the UK reference cost of £1,200 per theatre hour, this translates to £112,940 in annual opportunity cost. This is likely a very conservative estimate, as it’s based on 2019 NHS benchmarks [2].

“We identified equipment-related issues as low-hanging fruit to improve our theatre utilization. It’s a key area where we could make measurable improvements quickly—and where our teams needed support the most. Our partnership with Incision directly enables us to do this, with case-specific equipment and materials information forming a key part of the Assist platform.”

- Senior Scrub Practitioner, Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Hospital

Improving Turnover in High-Acuity Lists

Neurosurgical procedures often involve long durations with only one or two turnovers per list, making transitions between cases relatively fewer but by no means less critical. Even small delays can have significant downstream effects, pushing second- or third-case patients beyond their scheduled slots or into costly overtime, and frustrating staff and patients alike.

Previous research by Incision has shown significant improvements in turnover times with the use of Assist, particularly in high-volume, low-complexity surgical settings. One large-scale study demonstrated a 15% average reduction in turnover times across all surgical specialties at a medium-sized hospital. But how does this translate to high-complexity, lower-volume environments like neurosurgery?

To evaluate early impact, average turnover times in the neurosurgical department were compared before and six months after introducing Assist. Despite being in the early stages of implementation, turnover times fell by more than 13%—far exceeding the 2.2% reduction observed across other specialties during the same period. These align closely with Incision’s broader research findings.

Improving Turnover in High-Acuity Lists

Neurosurgical procedures often involve long durations with only one or two turnovers per list, making transitions between cases relatively fewer but by no means less critical. Even small delays can have significant downstream effects, pushing second- or third-case patients beyond their scheduled slots or into costly overtime, and frustrating staff and patients alike.

Previous research by Incision has shown significant improvements in turnover times with the use of Assist, particularly in high-volume, low-complexity surgical settings. One large-scale study demonstrated a 15% average reduction in turnover times across all surgical specialties at a medium-sized hospital. But how does this translate to high-complexity, lower-volume environments like neurosurgery?

To evaluate early impact, average turnover times in the neurosurgical department were compared before and six months after introducing Assist. Despite being in the early stages of implementation, turnover times fell by more than 13%—far exceeding the 2.2% reduction observed across other specialties during the same period. These align closely with Incision’s broader research findings.

While time saved during turnover does not directly translate into space for extra cases, especially in lower-volume lists, it remains a critical marker of process efficiency. Eliminating avoidable delays frees up valuable time for other clinical priorities, helps limit overtime, and reduces frustration for surgeons and teams.

Using the same conservative NHS benchmark of £1,200 per hour, a 10-minute reduction in turnover equates to a £200 saving per case. At a hospital performing approximately 7,000 neurosurgical and spinal procedures per year, this represents an annual opportunity cost saving of around £1.4 million.

While time saved during turnover does not directly translate into space for extra cases, especially in lower-volume lists, it remains a critical marker of process efficiency. Eliminating avoidable delays frees up valuable time for other clinical priorities, helps limit overtime, and reduces frustration for surgeons and teams.

Using the same conservative NHS benchmark of £1,200 per hour, a 10-minute reduction in turnover equates to a £200 saving per case. At a hospital performing approximately 7,000 neurosurgical and spinal procedures per year, this represents an annual opportunity cost saving of around £1.4 million.

“I fully expect that using Assist will help us shorten our turnover times. The platform shows me which trays to get, where to find consumables, which machines to set up, and the surgeon’s individual preferences. It definitely helps speed things up!”

- Theatre Nurse, Salford Royal NHS Hospital

Shifting the Performance Paradigm: A Team-First Approach

Across the NHS and beyond, optimizing operating theater performance remains a key strategic priority. While major advancements have been made in scheduling and block time optimization, a critical element is often overlooked: supporting the teams who deliver surgical care [3].

Incision Assist empowers frontline staff with clear, visual, case-specific guidance—boosting confidence and improving performance in key daily workflows. By helping standardize preparation, reduce variation, and minimize avoidable delays, Assist enables teams to deliver care more efficiently and consistently. Hospitals using Assist, such as Salford Royal, consistently report improved confidence, better readiness, and reduced stress in their teams.

As surgical services worldwide face mounting pressure to do more with less, Incision Assist offers a practical, scalable, and human-centered path to sustainable performance improvement. By enhancing—not replacing—existing systems, this supports frontline teams to work confidently and efficiently, saving time and improving outcomes. At the time of writing the organization is in a trial period and are investigating funding to support formal implementation.

Shifting the Performance Paradigm: A Team-First Approach

Across the NHS and beyond, optimizing operating theater performance remains a key strategic priority. While major advancements have been made in scheduling and block time optimization, a critical element is often overlooked: supporting the teams who deliver surgical care [3].

Incision Assist empowers frontline staff with clear, visual, case-specific guidance—boosting confidence and improving performance in key daily workflows. By helping standardize preparation, reduce variation, and minimize avoidable delays, Assist enables teams to deliver care more efficiently and consistently. Hospitals using Assist, such as Salford Royal, consistently report improved confidence, better readiness, and reduced stress in their teams.

As surgical services worldwide face mounting pressure to do more with less, Incision Assist offers a practical, scalable, and human-centered path to sustainable performance improvement. By enhancing—not replacing—existing systems, this supports frontline teams to work confidently and efficiently, saving time and improving outcomes. At the time of writing the organization is in a trial period and are investigating funding to support formal implementation.

Testimonial

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Testimonial

“We’re seeing clearly that providing our staff with the right information in the right way makes a real difference—boosting both confidence and efficiency. Assist ensures teams know exactly what’s needed for each case, and if unsure, they’re fully supported with a definitive point of reference. That’s the kind of change we need more of in neurosurgery.”

- Lee Bennett, Associate Director Perioperative Care, Northern Care Alliance

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References
  1. Cox Bauer, et al. (2016). First-case operating room delays: Patterns across urban hospitals of a single health care system. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews, 3(3), 125–135.

  2. NHS Improvement. (2019). Operating theatres: Opportunities to reduce waiting lists.
    https://improvement.nhs.uk/resources/operating-theatres-opportunities-reduce-waiting-lists/

  3. Schouten, et al. (2023). Operating room performance optimization metrics: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Systems, 47(1), 19.

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References
  1. Cox Bauer, et al. (2016). First-case operating room delays: Patterns across urban hospitals of a single health care system. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews, 3(3), 125–135.

  2. NHS Improvement. (2019). Operating theatres: Opportunities to reduce waiting lists.
    https://improvement.nhs.uk/resources/operating-theatres-opportunities-reduce-waiting-lists/

  3. Schouten, et al. (2023). Operating room performance optimization metrics: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Systems, 47(1), 19.

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